Around the turn of the 21st century, the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) started developing Python-based utilities to extend or substitute existing astronomical data analysis tools on a modern, object-oriented platform. Among the first projects were a replacement of the command language for the Image Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF) with a Python frontend, [8] and the PyFITS PySCF — Python-based Simulations of Chemistry Framework is an ab initio computational chemistry open-source package [13] SciPy – collection of packages for mathematics, science, and engineering. Flask has become popular among Python enthusiasts. As of October 2020, it has the second-most number of stars on GitHub among Python web-development frameworks, only slightly behind Django, [14] and was voted the most popular web framework in the Python Developers Survey for years between and including 2018 and 2022. [15][16][17][18][19] Dask grew out of the Blaze [47] project, a DARPA [48] funded project to accelerate computation in open source. Blaze was an ambitious project that tried to redefine computation, storage, compression, and data science APIs for Python, led originally by Travis Oliphant and Peter Wang, the co-founders of Anaconda. Scrapy (/ ˈskreɪpaɪ / [2] SKRAY-peye) is a free and open-source web-crawling framework written in Python. Originally designed for web scraping, it can also be used to extract data using APIs or as a general-purpose web crawler. [3] It is currently maintained by Zyte (formerly Scrapinghub), a web-scraping development and services company. Scrapy project architecture is built around "spiders Pylons Project is an open-source organization that develops a set of web application technologies written in Python. Initially the project was a single web framework called Pylons, but after the merger with the repoze.bfg framework under the new name Pyramid, the Pylons Project now consists of multiple related web application technologies. Kivy is a free

and open source Python framework for developing mobile apps and other multitouch application software with a natural user interface (NUI). It is distributed under the terms of the MIT License, and can run on Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, and Windows. Kivy is the main framework developed by the Kivy organization, [3] alongside Python for Android, [4] Kivy for iOS, [5] and several Integration Project Chrono can interact with a wide range of software and programming languages. PyChrono provides SWIG-based Python bindings, allowing users to call Project Chrono functions directly from Python and integrate seamlessly with other Python frameworks such as NumPy and TensorFlow. Pygame is a cross-platform set of Python modules designed for writing video games. It includes computer graphics and sound libraries designed to be used with the Python programming language. pvlib python is based on PV_LIB MATLAB which was originally developed in 2012 at Sandia National Laboratories as part of the PV Performance Modeling Collaborative (PVPMC) [4] by researchers Josh Stein, Cliff Hansen, and Daniel Riley. In August 2013, Rob Andrews made the first open source commit on GitHub and began porting the MATLAB version to Python. [5] Later he was joined by William